*There will be massive spoilers for all three Christopher Nolan-directed Batman films as well as A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.
Introduction
Before The Dark Knight Rises was released, movie websites
were updating the film nearly every hour with all the rumors and news about the
film. The one legitimate piece of
information that came from Nolan and company that caught my attention was how
the film was influenced by Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities. As an English teacher, this definitely intrigued
me. Then the film was released and the
geek war over whether it was the greatest or worst movie of all time
commenced. I’m exaggerating, but not all
that much (seriously, just check the comments on nearly any post about
superhero films in general).
I’m not about to toss my pointless opinion into that
battle. I only bring it up because the
Two Cities influence has been lost in the fog ever since. I’m just as guilty as everyone else (this is
being written a year after the release of the film, after all). I watched the film and all I picked up on was
Gordon reading from the novel near the end, there being a revolution in both
stories, and the idea that Batman was like Sydney Carton, sacrificing himself
for the greater good. The reason why
more aspects of the film didn’t occur to me was because it had been over a
decade since I had read the Dickens novel.
Flash forward a few months and I’m teaching the novel to one
of my classes. I read everything that I
ask my students to read, even if it means reading it for the second (or more)
time. Before I assigned the book, I told
my students that Rises was influenced by it, hoping to create more
interest. It seemed to work on a couple
of students, but it really worked on me.
I was noticing many similarities between the entire Nolan trilogy and
the novel.
While researching any references between the two works
online, I was surprised that I couldn’t find a lengthy post comparing the two
works. (There might be one out there,
but I didn’t find it in the immediate results.)
Everything I found was on the short side, pointing out the obvious stuff
above and discussing how there are similar themes and whatnot. So I’ve decided to try to point out as many
blatant similarities as I can. By blatant,
I mean characters and events, not themes and messages. Obviously revolution and stuff like that is
similar; this is going to be more about which character was Darnay, Carton,
Madame Defarge, Dr. Manette, etc. and which events matched up with the storming
of the Bastille, the Reign of Terror, etc.
My advance apologies if this isn’t as succinct as it could be, but
comparing a blockbuster with classic literature can get pretty messy, and I’m
doing this for fun, not for a grade from a professor. Anyway, here goes.
Characters
This comparison has to start with Bruce Wayne and Batman, of
course. When you consider that the main
character is really two separated characters, it becomes obvious that Two
Cities is an influence. Charles Darnay
and Sydney Carton are opposites but look so similar that a jury agrees they
could be confused for each other. Darnay
is mysterious but good, while Carton has lived a worthless life and yearns to
do something good. The two characters
flip flop when it comes to which one is Batman or Wayne. When Wayne does the fake partying stuff, he’s
Carton. When he’s Batman, doing the
right thing, he’s Darnay. The fake death
of both Batman and Wayne causes a bit of confusion, especially since they both
live on, in a way. Wayne literally goes
on to a happy life, and Batman lives on as a concept that anyone can be. So Batman is Carton in that he died so
Wayne/Darnay could live. But Wayne is
also Carton because he fake died so that the concept of Batman could live
on. It’s up for debate, but I think each
theory is fair. The most important part
of this theory is that it makes the final scene more interesting.
After first watching Rises, I was a little disappointed that Alfred actually got to see Wayne enjoying life after Batman. Leaving it open-ended would have been fine with me. And I really liked the idea of actually killing off Bruce Wayne. When considering Two Cities, however, that scene becomes a bit more necessary if Batman is Carton by the end. What is the point of his ultimate sacrifice (giving up as Batman), if we don’t get to see if it was worth it? Part of me still wished the ending had been a bit more bold, but I also like that Wayne’s lifelong struggle with crime and his own demons is essentially over.
After first watching Rises, I was a little disappointed that Alfred actually got to see Wayne enjoying life after Batman. Leaving it open-ended would have been fine with me. And I really liked the idea of actually killing off Bruce Wayne. When considering Two Cities, however, that scene becomes a bit more necessary if Batman is Carton by the end. What is the point of his ultimate sacrifice (giving up as Batman), if we don’t get to see if it was worth it? Part of me still wished the ending had been a bit more bold, but I also like that Wayne’s lifelong struggle with crime and his own demons is essentially over.
Since Batman/Wayne is Darnay, that means whomever he loves
must be Lucie Manette. Therefore, Rachel
Dawes is Lucie. The problem here is that
Lucie doesn’t die in Two Cities. This
means that Lucie changes characters over time.
This is truly a chink in the Two Cities comparison’s armor because Lucie
and Darnay are quite faithful and in love; there’s no switching. Not only does the character switch, but even
actresses were switched out for the role between Begins and Dark Knight. So Selina Kyle becomes Lucie, but Thalia al
Ghul was Lucie for a bit, too. See what
I mean by this being the weak spot?
The only way Lucie can exist as a character in this
comparison is if we consider Harvey Dent/Two-Face and Rachel’s relationship as
a warning of how Two Cities could have easily ended in a more tragic
way. Dent would be Darnay and Two-Face
would be a Carton who never redeemed himself, allowing all three to die. A cautionary Tale of Two Cities.
Charles Darnay and Sydney Carton |
Back to comparisons that are a bit easier. I know Dr. Manette is Lucie’s father and
Rachel’s father is not around in the films so that doesn’t work, but there is a
still a good connection with Lucius Fox.
Mainly, it’s because Wayne “recalls” Fox to life much like Lorry and
company brought Dr. Manette back from his shoe-making. Fox was a once brilliant man who had been
locked away in basically a dungeon until Wayne found him and returned him to
prominence, much like how Manette goes from prisoner to revolutionary
hero. Fox doesn’t factor into the
narrative nearly as strongly as Manette does, but I think it’s an apt
comparison.
Sticking with the old folks, Jarvis Lorry is Alfred. Alfred is a proper British gentleman who
serves as the caretaker of the Wayne family.
There’s really not much more to it than that. Lorry was the driving force of the story of Two
Cities (one could say he was the “truck” that carried the characters along…),
and Alfred is more on the sidelines here.
But he’s still an essential character.
Lorry’s co-worker/subordinate was Jerry Cruncher, the
messenger with a nefarious side job.
Commissioner Gordon is certainly not subordinate to Alfred or anything, but
he does work as Cruncher in a way. He
represents the police which would be the blunt force of Cruncher, and he lies
to the public about Dent. He has a
skeleton in his closet, and Cruncher digs up skeletons (bodies, really, but let’s
go with skeletons for the sake of this article).
That’s enough with the “good” guys. People love Batman movies for the
villains. Unfortunately, I do not have a
good comparison for the Joker. The Joker
has always represented chaos and evil anyway.
There isn’t really a personification of chaos in Two Cities, so if the
Joker is anything, he could stand for the rising turmoil in the country of
France before the true storm hits.
Moving on from the Joker to some comparisons that are a bit
easier to make, Bane and Thalia are a good starting point. In Two Cities, Defarge appears to be in
charge, but we find out that Madame Defarge is the true villain, fueled by her
intense need for revenge. In Rises,
Bane appears to be the villain for much of the film, fueling the revolution, or
“fire.” We learn near the end that
Thalia is the true villain, and she is also fueled by revenge. (Although Madame Defarge's brutality is largely transferred to Bane.) I know that Bane and Thalia are not married
like the Defarges (and Madame Defarge definitely does not have sex with Darnay
or Carton, as Thalia has sex with Bruce Wayne), but there is still an obvious
emotional connection between the two. The
best connection is that both characters use the revolution as their excuse to
also get revenge for dead family members wronged by Darnay/Batman.
Ra’s al Ghul is in the same boat as the Joker in that he
basically represents revolution in general as a way of wiping the slate
clean. But the Scarecrow can be
connected in a more specific way. It’s
more of a cameo than anything, but Scarecrow is the judge who executes or “exiles”
the people who have benefited the most from Gotham. He is the dread tribunal from Two Cities
which casts severe judgment for the sins of the past.
Storming the Bastille |
Events
The dread tribunal brings me to the events that are
similar. The trials and executions are
pretty blatantly the Reign of Terror from the French Revolution. They are described in Two Cities as the “felons”
trying the “honest men.” Perhaps all of
the people being tried in Gotham are not completely honest, but the Scarecrow
is certainly a felon. Pretty much
everything that happens in Rises represents the French Revolution, but there
are specific phrases that tie it into Two Cities.
When a soldier has to sacrifice himself for the cause, Bane
assures him that “the fire rises.” “The
Fire Rises” is the title of a chapter from Two Cities. The “fire” is the revolution, both of Gotham
and of France. It is also referred to as
a storm in both stories. “There’s a
storm coming, Mr. Wayne,” warns Selina Kyle.
And Rises is in the title, so there’s that.
As for events, the Storming of the Bastille is generally
considered the beginning of the French Revolution. For those who do not know, the Bastille was a
prison. Bane has already started the
revolution at the football game (more on that in a second), but it really gets
going when he storms the prison and arms the freed prisoners. That one is fairly obvious.
The football game is a little less clear. I consider this to be an accumulation of the
events that cause the people to rise up in Two Cities. Those events are the Marquis running over a
child with his carriage and his subsequent murder at the hands of the vengeful
father. No child is killed by Bane
(although we don’t really see what happens to that kid with the “beautiful”
voice, do we?), but the mayor/Marquis is killed at the event. Maybe the mayor isn’t as terrible as the
Marquis, but he does represent a bit of power in Gotham.
Messages/Themes
I can’t leave it at just events and characters. Not to turn this completely into a term paper
(and good luck out there if you stumble upon this to use for an essay, because
I’ve messed it all up for you by being so informal…), but the themes and
messages have to be mentioned a little.
"The felons were trying the honest men..." |
Revenge is definitely a theme that resonates in both
stories. Batman’s very identity is based
on getting some kind of vengeance or closure for his parents’ murder. The actions of Two Cities are all about
Madame Defarge getting revenge for what happened in the past. I think that both stories take a negative
viewpoint on revenge. No one gains peace
from it (Madame Defarge dies for it, and Bruce realizes that killing Joe Chill
himself wouldn’t have done much).
There is also plenty to say about revolution in
general. Both stories are negative
towards it when handled in such a brutal way.
Overthrowing an evil power is not seen as a bad thing, but when you
become just as, if not more, brutal than the previous regime, then how is that
better? This is connected with revenge
in that when characters allow their emotions to take control, things get
worse.
Finally…
The Dark Knight trilogy and A Tale of Two Cities may
appear to be unlikely bedfellows, but if the book is fresh in your mind, you’ll
notice tons of similarities. On that note,
I’ll finish up by admitting that this is in no way a definitive comparison of
the two works. There are plenty of
events and characters I didn’t even mention.
For instance, what about the mob in both stories? What about the fact that each work has a
character named Stryver? Yeah, I skipped
over some stuff. The point is that
comparing these two works is not just possible, it’s obvious. This is just as deep as I want to go into it
because if I have to look any further (like pausing Rises or reading Two
Cities for the fifth time) then my enjoyment will turn into work.
As an English teacher and a movie geek, the comparison
between The Dark Knight trilogy and A Tale of Two Cities just makes sense
and makes both works much more interesting.
I invite any fellow enthusiasts out there to find their own comparisons
and whatnot, mainly because I want to read more stuff about this, especially if
it didn’t occur to me (or cause me to do more work). Sometimes it’s possible to look beyond the
love/hate relationship people develop with the over-hyped movies and apply some
thought to it all. And if you truly love
movies, then that’s something you’ll want to be a part of.